November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 33

" offered no evidence that the public
sensibilities of Ocean City residents
or vacationers have evolved
on that discrete issue. "
As cited by the court: " The Federal
Rules of Evidence assign to
the trial judge the task of ensuring
that an expert's testimony both
rests on a reliable foundation and
is relevant to the task at hand. "
Moreover, the federal appeals court
acknowledged it was required to afford
deference to the federal district
court's ruling on Dr. Herbenick's
testimony.
In light of the required deferential
standard of review, the federal
appeals court determined that
the district court had not erred in
" concluding that Dr. Herbenick's
testimony would not be helpful to
understand the evidence or to determine
a fact in issue. "
Conclusion
While noting " the burden of proving
the Ordinance's
constitutionality
rests with Ocean City, " the
federal appeals court found Ocean
City " offered the only admissible
evidence on the public sensibilities
of Ocean City residents and vacationers. "
Accordingly, the federal
appeals court held " Ocean City has
met its burden of showing the Ordinance
is substantially related to an
important government interest " :
Ocean City has met its burden
of providing an exceedingly persuasive
justification for treating
the public showing of bare breasts
by females and males differently
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| Parks & Recreation
33
in the Ordinance. We further hold
that the prohibition on public female
toplessness is substantially
related to the important governmental
interest in protecting the
public sensibilities of Ocean City.
The federal appeals court, therefore,
affirmed the district court's
grant of Ocean City's motion for
summary judgment on Plaintiffs'
equal protection claim.
See also: " Women Busted for Bare
Breasts in Public, Not Men, " James
C. Kozlowski, Parks & Recreation,
Oct. 2015 Vol. 49, Iss. 10 (tinyurl.
com/3m8msjcn).
James C. Kozlowski, J.D., Ph.D., is an Attorney and Associate
Professor in the School of Sport, Recreation and Tourism
Management at George Mason University (jkozlows@gmu.
edu). Law review articles archive (1982 to present):
mason.gmu.edu/~jkozlows.
https://tinyurl.com/3m8msjcn https://tinyurl.com/3m8msjcn http://mason.gmu.edu/~jkozlows http://www.nrpa.org/give

November 2021 - Parks & Recreation

Table of Contents for the Digital Edition of November 2021 - Parks & Recreation

November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - Intro
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - Cover1
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - Cover2
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 1
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 2
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 3
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 4
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 5
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 6
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 7
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 8
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 9
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 10
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 11
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 12
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 13
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 14
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 15
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 16
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 17
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 18
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 19
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 20
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 21
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 22
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 23
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 24
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 25
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 26
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 27
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 28
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 29
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 30
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 31
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 32
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 33
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 34
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 35
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 36
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 37
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 38
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 39
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 40
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 41
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 42
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 43
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 44
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 45
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 46
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 47
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 48
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 49
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 50
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 51
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 52
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 53
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 54
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 55
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - 56
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - Cover3
November 2021 - Parks & Recreation - Cover4
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2025
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2025
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2024
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2023
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/february-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/january-2022
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/december-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/november-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/october-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/september-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/august-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/july-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/june-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/may-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/april-2021
https://ezine.nrpa.org/nrpa/ParksRecreationMagazine/march-2021
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